Carleton University 

Carleton University is an English-language public research university in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Founded in 1942 as Carleton College, the institution originally operated as a private, non-denominational evening college to serve returning World War II veterans.[4] Carleton was chartered as a university by the provincial government in 1952 through The Carleton University Act, which was then amended in 1957, giving the institution its current name.[4] The university is named after the now-dissolved Carleton County, which included the city of Ottawa at the time the university was founded.

Carleton is organized into six faculties and with more than 65 degree programs. It has several specialized institutions, including the Arthur Kroeger College of Public Affairs, the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, the Carleton School of Journalism, the School of Public Policy and Administration, and the Sprott School of Business.

As of 2021, Carleton yearly enrols more than 27,000 undergraduate and 4,000 graduate students.[5] Carleton has a 150-acre campus located west of Old Ottawa South, close to The Glebe and Confederation Heights. It is bounded to the North by the Rideau Canal and Dow's Lake and to the South by the Rideau River.[6] Carleton has more than 165,000 alumni worldwide, producing 7 Rhodes Scholars,[7] 2 Pulitzer Prize awardees,[8][9] 8 Killam Prize winners,[10] and several recipients of the Order of Canada. Additionally, the university is affiliated with 53 Royal Society Fellows and members and 3 Nobel laureates.[11] Carleton is also home to 28 Canada Research Chairs,[12] 1 Canada 150 Chair, 13 IEEE Fellows and 10 3M National Teaching Award winners.[5]

Carleton competes in the U Sports league as the Carleton Ravens. The Carleton Ravens men's basketball team has won 16 of 19 national championships since 2003.

Carleton University Campus in 2022

History

– Henry Marshall Tory

Historical plaque commemorating the inaugural meeting of the Ottawa Association for the Advancement of Learning in December 1941

Henry Marshall Tory, first President of Carleton College

Carleton College (1942–1957)

Discussions on establishing a second post-secondary institution in Ottawa began in the fall of 1938 among a committee of members from the local YMCA chapter, who looked to create a school to meet the educational needs of Ottawa's sizeable non-Catholic population. While the Second World War abruptly ended the committee's activities, a new committee was organized by Henry Marshall Tory as the Ottawa Association for the Advancement of Learning at a meeting held in December 1941, with formal incorporation in June 1942.[13]

Established in 1942 as Carleton College, a non-denominational institution, the school began offering evening courses in rented classrooms at the High School of Commerce, now part of the Glebe Collegiate Institute. Classes offered during the first academic year included English, French, history, algebra, trigonometry, chemistry, physics, and biology.[14] With the end of the war in 1945 and return of veterans from the frontlines, the college experienced an unexpected upsurge in student enrolment during the 1945–46 academic year, enrolling about 2,200 new students.

To accommodate increased enrollment, the school rented facilities in various buildings throughout the city, including classrooms at the Lisgar Collegiate Institute, Ottawa Technical High School, and the basements of several local churches. Higher enrolment also gave way to an expansion of the college's academic offerings with the establishment of the Faculty of Arts and Science, and new coursework in journalism and engineering.[15]

In 1946, the college gained possession of its first campus, situated at the corner of Lyon Street and First Avenue in The Glebe neighbourhood. The four-story building was the former location of the Ottawa Ladies' College, which was purchased during the Second World War for use as barracks for the Canadian Women's Army Corps.[16] Carleton's first degrees were conferred in 1946 to graduates of its Journalism and Public Administration programs.[17]

For nearly a decade after opening, the college operated on a shoestring budget, using funds raised mainly through community initiatives and modest student fees. Student fees during the school's first academic year from 1942 to 43 were modest at about $10.00 per course for first-year students, equivalent to $179 in 2022 dollars.[18] Fundraising efforts spearheaded by the college's president, Henry Marshall Tory, worked to raise $1 million for the institution from donors throughout the Ottawa area, with half of the proceeds going towards the debt incurred by the purchase of the new building, and the other to endow the college.[19] Carleton's faculty then was composed largely of part-time professors who worked full-time in the public service, some of whom were eventually convinced to leave government for full-time tenure positions.

In 1946, Carleton began the process of developing a crest and motto, as was tradition with other institutions of higher learning. The first motto proposed by Tory in 1946 was a crest with a maple leaf and open book surrounded by a scroll which read "Carleton College" and another scroll reading "Mos Inter Bellum Natus". The Board of Governors did not approve the motto and instead changed it to "Quaeceumque Vera". In 1948, the Board of Governors agreed to change the motto yet again as it was determined to also be the motto of the University of Alberta.[20] James Gibson, chair of the Committee on Symbols and Ceremonials, proposed a Latin motto, "Opera nobis aeterna" derived from the Walt Whitman poem Pioneers! O Pioneers!,[4] a translation of the phrase "We take up the task eternal". The Board of Governors rejected the Latin motto as it was perceived as too pretentious for an institution focused on egalitarianism, leading to Carleton's current motto, "Ours the task eternal". In October 1951, the Board of Governors formally adopted the new crest and motto.[21] and the approval to draft the artist's rendering of it by Mrs. Elizabeth Harrison was approved in April 1951.[22]

In 1952, the Carleton College Act was passed by the Ontario Legislature, changing the school's corporate name to Carleton College and conferring upon it the power to grant university degrees. Carleton thus became the province's first private, non-sectarian college.[23] The governance system was modelled on the provincial University of Toronto Act of 1906 which established a bicameral system of university government consisting of a Faculty Senate, responsible for academic policy, and a Board of Governors composed of local community members, exercising exclusive control over the institution's finances and formal authority over all other matters. The President, appointed by the Board, was to provide a link between the two bodies and to perform institutional leadership.[24]

Though the acquisition of land tracts now part of the current campus began in 1947, it was only in 1952 that the college gained possession of the entire 150-acre property, a significant portion of which was donated by Harry Stevenson Southam, a prominent Ottawa business magnate.[25] In March 1956, the college released a 75-year master plan for the development of the campus in stages, with the first stage costing an estimated $4.2 million, equivalent to $45.2 million in 2022 dollars, foreseeing the development of academic buildings, student residences, and athletic facilities on the new site.

In October 1956, the beginning of construction at the Rideau River campus was celebrated with a ceremonial sod-turning by Dana Porter, then Treasurer of Ontario.[26]

Carleton University (1957–present)[edit]

Bronson entrance

In 1957, the Carleton University Act was enacted[27] as an amendment to the Carleton College Act, granting Carleton nominal status as a public university and resulting in its current name, Carleton University.[28] This did not result in substantive changes to the school's governance and academic organization as it had already been granted university powers through the existing legislation.

Rapid development and growth (1960–69)[edit]

The completion of initial construction at the Rideau River campus in 1959 saw the university move to its current location at the beginning of the 1959–60 academic year. Completed at a cost of $6.5 million, the first three buildings, the Maxwell MacOdrum Library, Norman Paterson Hall and the Henry Marshall Tory Building became the centre for academic life at Carleton, with Paterson Hall and Tory Building respectively serving the arts and sciences disciplines.[29]

The 1960s saw meteoric growth in student enrolment, with the number of full-time students ballooning from 857 to 7,139 within the decade,[30] which coincided with a sharp uptick in financial support from the provincial and federal governments towards post-secondary institutions.

An increasing share of these students came to the school from outside the National Capital Region, prompting the university to open its first purpose-built residence halls, Lanark and Renfrew Houses in the fall of 1962. The residences were initially segregated by sex, with Lanark House reserved for male students and Renfrew for female students. However, Carleton did away with the practice of mandatory sex segregation in 1969 in favour of co-educational housing, becoming the first university in North America to adopt this practice. By the end of the decade, the increased need for space to accommodate the growing faculty and student body saw the completion of several major academic buildings, including the Loeb Building in 1967 and the Mackenzie Building in 1968.

In 1967, a Catholic liberal arts college, Saint Patrick's College, became affiliated with Carleton. Saint Patrick's College was founded by the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate to meet the higher educational needs of Ottawa's growing English-speaking Catholic population. Originally housed in a separate building Old Ottawa East, now the campus of Immaculata High School, a new building for the school was erected on the north end of the Carleton campus in 1973.

Steady expansion (1970–1999)[edit]

The arrival of a new decade ushered in the inauguration of the long-awaited Nideyinàn (formerly University Centre), designed to be the linchpin for student life on campus, housing a student-operated pub and other administrative services. With growing restrictions in physical space, the university hailed the completion of Dunton Tower, then referred to as the Arts Tower, in September 1972, which was the then-tallest academic building in Canada.

Rising attention towards recreation and fitness, coupled with generous grants from the provincial government, spurred the construction of the Athletics Centre in 1974, housing a multiplicity of different sports facilities, including a pool, squash courts, and gymnasium.[31]

In 1979, Saint Patrick's College was dissolved and merged into Carleton with Gerald Clarke, a professor at the school since 1954, serving as its final Dean. While Carleton is a secular institution, the name of the St. Patrick's Building was kept as a nod to Carleton's historical relationship to the Catholic institution.[32]

Although Carleton experienced a temporary decline in student enrollment toward the latter half of the 1970s, the 1980s saw a resurgence in the number of students attending the school, representing an increase of 76%, or 5,582 students over the course of the decade, leading to overcrowding in many of the school's buildings.[33] Responding to the demands of a larger student population during the 1980s, the university built the Life Sciences Research Centre, the Minto Centre of Advanced Studies in Engineering (CASE), and funded an extension to MacOdrum Library.

Following renovations led by Toronto-based architect Michael Lundholm, 1992 saw the opening of the Carleton University Art Gallery in the St. Patrick's Building, supported by a fundraising drive within the local community and the bequest of several pieces of Canadian art from the estate of Frances and Jack Barwick.[34] In fall 1994, a new computing system was introduced at Carleton, extending Internet and e-mail access to all students and faculty, where this had previously been only accessible to graduate and undergraduate students in specific courses.[35]

Contemporary developments (2000–present)[edit]

Health Sciences Building, completed in 2019.

The new millennium brightened prospects for Carleton's finances, allowing it to fund the construction of several new buildings during the 2000s. These include, inter alia, the $30-million construction of new athletics facilities, the $22-million, 9,011 m2 (97,000 ft2) Human Computer Interaction (HCI) Institute Facility and Centre for Advanced Studies in Visualization and Simulation (V-SIM), and the $17-million upgrade and expansion to Nideyinàn. In 2008, a sustainably-designed residence hall was added named Frontenac House, primarily serving returning second-year students.[36] During this decade, Carleton inaugurated its first female President and Vice Chancellor, Roseann Runte in 2008, who served in this position until 2017, resigning to fulfill a new position as president and CEO of the Canada Foundation for Innovation. Runte's leadership also pushed forward the planning and construction of three new academic buildings, Canal Building (2010), and River Building (2011; renamed Richcraft Hall in 2016), and the Health Sciences Building (2018), as well as a new residence building, Lennox and Addington House in 2011.

Green wall installed in Richcraft Hall.

At the behest of Runte's successor, Benoit-Antoine Bacon, Carleton has continued to pursue several major construction projects, notably the Advanced Research and Innovation and Smart Environments (ARISE) Building, replacing the existing Life Sciences Building, to house applied research in smart technology.

In 2018, Carleton purchased the Dominion-Chalmers United Church located in Ottawa's Centretown neighbourhood to serve as a community and cultural hub, and host to artistic performances and academic lectures.[37] The facility represents Carleton's first building situated in Ottawa's downtown area.

In 2021, Carleton completed construction on the Nicol Building, the new home of the Sprott School of Business. Located in the heart of Carleton's campus, the Nicol Building was designed by Hariri Pontarini Architects and provides 115,000 square feet of new, collaborative learning space.[38] The cost of the building was estimated at around $65 million, but was offset through a sizeable donation of $10 million from the late Ottawa real estate developer and Carleton alumnus, Wes Nicol, for whom the building is namesake.[39]

COVID-19 pandemic[edit]

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Carleton joined other Canadian post-secondary institutions in a decision to suspend in-person classes for the remainder of the 2019–2020 academic year, effectively moving instruction online. This move also saw the temporary withdrawal of non-essential services, such as athletics facilities, in order to contain the spread of COVID-19 on campus.[40] Unlike other institutions, Carleton did not immediately move to evict students from residence buildings, but instead allowed students to leave early at their own discretion.

To accommodate the disruption to the semester resulting from the abrupt suspension of in-person classes, the Carleton University Senate approved an unprecedented proposal to provide students with the option to receive a SAT or UNSAT grade in place of typical letter and grade point for their courses.[41] The school also cancelled in-person classes for the summer semester, allowing courses to only be delivered online.[42]

In July 2020, Carleton announced that classes for the Fall 2020 semester would be held entirely online, citing the potential risk posed by a second wave of COVID-19 and inequities to accessing physical classes for international students, who may encounter difficulties coming to Canada due to travel restrictions.[43] Additional waves of COVID-19 in Ontario in early 2021 prompted the university to continue with online course delivery for the remainder of the academic year.

With the implementation of a mass COVID-19 vaccination program, and widespread uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine in Canada, Carleton prepared for a gradual return of in-person learning for the 2021–22 academic year, offering a number of course delivery methods to students, including fully in-person classes, hybrid classes, and virtual classes.[44] In August 2021, the university announced that all students, staff, and faculty would need to receive a complete series of a Health Canada or World Health Organization-approved COVID-19 vaccine to receive full access to campus, including attending in-person classes. In May 2022, Carleton suspended its COVID-19 vaccine mandate, following similar decisions made at other Ontario schools.[45] The following month, the university indefinitely paused its mask mandate, while maintaining strong recommendations to students, staff, and visitors to continue wearing masks indoors.[46]

Organization and administration[edit]

Governance[edit]

The university's governing framework is established through the Carleton University Act, 1952, enabling legislation which sets out the basic legal obligations and purposes of the institution. The Act establishes Carleton as a bicameral institution, governed by a Board of Governors and Senate.[47] The Act establishes the objects and purpose of the university as the advancement of learning; the dissemination of knowledge; the intellectual, social, and moral development of its members and the community at large; and the establishment of a non-sectarian institution within the City of Ottawa.

Board of Governors[edit]

The Board of Governors oversees the corporate affairs of the institution, including finances, real property, risk management, and strategic direction.[47] The Board is also responsible for appointing the President and Chancellor, and determines the compensation of staff, faculty, and members of the senior administration. The Board of Governors is composed of 36 members, with 18 members derived from the students, staff, and administration of Carleton. These include four students, two faculty members, two members of the University Senate, two alumni, two staff, as well as the President and Chancellor, who are ex-officio members of the Board.[48] The remainder of the representatives are selected from the local community at large.

To support its mandate and oversight function, the Board has six standing committees, with each Governor holding membership in one or two of these committees over the course of a year. These standing committees include Executive, Audit & Risk, Building Program, Advancement and University Relations, Governance, and Finance.[49]

The Board is led by the board chair, who presides over meetings, evaluates executive performance, advises senior administration, and represents the university's interests to government. The current board chair is Dan Fortin, former President of IBM Canada and Carleton alumnus.

Senate[edit]

The Senate is the Carleton's highest academic body and is responsible for university's academic governance. The Senate's duties include conferring degrees, approving recipients of honorary degrees, developing scholarships and selecting recipients thereof, approving new programs and curricular changes, in addition to overseeing academic regulations.

The Senate comprises 86 members, including 40 faculty members, two contract instructors, 10 undergraduate students, three graduate students, 23 ex-officio members, four members of the Board of Governors, and up to four special appointments.[50]

Finances[edit]

For the 2020–21 academic year, Carleton reported an estimated annual operating budget of $502 million, with the largest expenditures for the institution being employee salaries, campus infrastructure, and student support services.[51]

The largest annual sources of revenue for Carleton are tuition fees, which generate 50% of the university's income, representing $336 million in earnings, and provincial government funding, representing 26% of the university's income, or $174 million.[52]

In 2019–2020, Carleton received $86.5 million in sponsored research funding.[5]

Carleton has an endowment fund of $353 million as of April 2021, with an increase of $54.4 million over the previous year.[53]

Academics[edit]

Carleton is a mid-sized comprehensive and research-intensive public university, and is part of several pan-institutional bodies, including Universities Canada and the Association of Commonwealth Universities. As of the 2020–21 academic year, Carleton received 23,544 applications, producing a first-year cohort of 6,227[54] In 2021, the school reported an enrolment of 32,116 students, comprising 27,829 undergraduate and 4,287 graduate students, supported by 969 full-time faculty members and 835 contract instructors.[5] Carleton's graduation rate within seven years is approximately 70.4% as of the 2017–18 academic year, with a graduate employment rate of 92.7% within two years of graduation.[55]

Academic unit